The Use Of The Present And Past Participle

                                                            "Present Participle"

>> The present or active particple form (Verb-1 + ing) is an active verb form that is used: as an adjective. to form a continuous tennse, affter the verbs of senses, after the words: cactch-cauh/find-found+object+verb-1+ing, after the word: have +object+verb-1+ing, and other,  for example:

• The girl dancing is my sister.
• She is writing a letter.
• I saw the man using the computer.
• I found her sleeping under the tree. 
• He had me driving in a week.
• I spend five million renovating my house.
• She went out shouting fiercely. 
• Opening his suitcase, he got out his money.
• Entering the Faculty of Medicine at Muhammdiyah University, he began to feel confident.
• The students waiting for the bus look very tired.

"Past Participle"

>> The past passive participle form is a passive verb form is used : as an adjective, to form the present perfect tense or passive voice, and can replace subject+passive verb, for example:

• The soldiers who were wounded are sent to the local hospital.
• He has seen that film.
• This car is made in Japan.
• He entered the room, accompanied by his bodyuards.
• Convinced that the flood would hit Jakarta, he moved to Bogor that evening.
• Having been informed that he became the winner, he held a thankgiving party.
• Having been elected Miss Indonesia, she had a heavy duty since then.
• Not having been notified of the cancellation of the time of departure, Ali arrived early.

Negative inversion

negative inversion

1.    Never does she say such bad words.

2.    Never did she say such bad words.

3.    Never has she said such bad words.

4.    Never had she said such bad words.

5.    Never can she say such bad words.

1.    Not only do I do my assignment, but also I watch television.

2.    Not only did I do my assignment, but also I watched television.

3.    Not only have I done my assignment, but also I have watched television.

4.    Not only had I done my assignment, but also I had watched television.

5.    Not only will I do my assignment, but also I will watch television.

1.    Seldom does she drink a juice.

2.    Seldom did she drink a juice.

3.    Seldom has she drunk a juice.

4.    Seldom had she drunk a juice.

5.    Seldom will she drink a juice.

1.    Rarely does she go to cafe every morning.

2.    Rarely did she go to café every morning.

3.    Rarely has she gone to café every morning.

4.    Rarely had she gone to café every morning.

5.    Rarely can she go to café every morning.

1.    Not once do I forget an answer.

2.    Not once did I forget an answer.

3.    Not once have I forgotten an answer.

4.    Not once had I forgotten an answer.

5.    Not once can I forget an answer.

1.    At no time does she speak English.

2.    At no time did she speak English.

3.    At no time has she spoken English.

4.    At no time had she spoken English.

5.    At no time will she speak English.

1.    Hardly ever do I get something.

2.    Hardly ever did I get something.

3.    Hardly ever have I gotten something.

4.    Hardly ever had I gotten something.

5.    Hardly ever can I get something.

1.    Only rarely does he tell me something.

2.    Only rarely did he tell me something.

3.    Only rarely has he told me something.

4.    Only rarely had he told me something.

5.    Only rarely can he tell me something.

subjunctive

subjunctive

TYPE-1

Subjunctive is a verb form that expresses a wish that does not/did not happen or contrary to the fact.

Subjunctive can be divided into: Present Subjunctive and Past Subjunctive.

Subjunctive is usually proceeded by: If only, wish, would rather, as if/as though.

A.    Present Subjunctive

Subject + Verb-2	Fact: Subject + Verb-2
1.      If only I were a president.	1.      I am not a president.
2.      I wish I knew her address.	2.      I do not know her address.
3.      I wish that I would not come.	3.      I come.
4.      I wish she were at home.	4.      She is not at home.
5.      I wish I had a luxurious car.	5.      I do not have a luxurious car.
6.      I wish it was not very cold here.	6.      It is very cold here.
7.      He wish his friends came.	7.      His friends can not come.
8.      I wish I could drive a car.	8.      I can not drive a car.
9.      I wish he told me.	9.      He does not tell me.
10.  He wishes he knew the answer.	10.  He does not know the answer.

B.     Past Subjunctive

Subject + Had + Verb-3	Fact: Subject + Verb-2
1.      He looks tired as if he had worked hard.	1.      He did not work hard.
2.      Jimmy wished that he had not come late again.	2.      He came late again.
3.      I wish he had studied for the test.	3.      He did not study for the test.
4.      Yahya wishes he had finished his assignment.	4.      Yahya did not finish his assignment.
5.      I wish I had gone to England.	5.      I never went to England.
6.      She behaved as if she had been busy.	6.      She was not busy.
7.      He looked at me as if I had been mad.	7.      I was not mad.
8.      She wished she had not spent much money on clothes.	8.      She spent much money on clothes.
9.      Fahmi wish he had come to the meeting.	9.      Fahmi did not come to the meeting.
10.  He looked me as if he had not known me.	10.  He knew me.

TYPE-2

The following verbs  are used in the form of Subjunctive consisting of ADVICE or SUGGESTION. The word “THAT” must always appear in subjunctive sentences. Most of the verbs are followed by THE INFINITIVE or VERB-1.

·         Advise

·         Ask

·         Command

·         Decree

·         Demand

·         Insist

·         Move

·         Order

·         Prefer

·         Propose

·         Recommend

·         Request

·         Require

·         Stipulate

·         Suggest

·         Urge

Subject + Verb	+That + Subject + Verb-1
I advise	that  he study hard.
I ask	that he sends an email.
The teacher requires	that all students study hard.
We move	that we get the compensation.
The government has proposed	that the oil price rise.
The judge insisted	that he be punished severely.
The government had recommended	that the new law be abolished.
The governor stipulated	that the regulations be effective from June.
His father prefers	that his son attend Military Academy.
The teacher demanded	that all students submit their assignment soon.

The Following Adjectives:

·         Imperative

·         Important

·         Necessary

·         Obligatory

·         Proposed

·         Recommended

·         Suggested

·         Urgent

It + Be + Adjective	+that + Subject + Verb-1
It is necessary	that he get good education.
It has been proposed	that we start from the beginning.
It was urgent	that she come early.
It has been suggested	that he plan a tour.
It was important	that you know the address.
It has recommended	that we spend a night here.
It was urgent	that I call you immediately.
It was very important	that we come on time.
It is imperative	that we do our assignment.
It has been suggested	that I wear blue dress.

The Following Nouns:

·         Motion

·         Proposal

·         Recommendation

·         Suggestion

Subject + Verb	+ Noun	+ That + Subject + Verb-1
She puts forth	a proposal	that she get a scholarship.
There is	a motion	that the decision be cancelled.
He gives her	a recommendation	that she be invited.
I give you	a motion	that you debate with your friends.
He gives me	a suggestion	that I study hard.
There is	a recommendation	that it be applied.
I give him	a proposal	That he get job.